Ajarännak Tallinna plaanidel koos postkaartidega viib meid linna, mis tõepoolest kunagi valmis ei saa. Koos tema rolli, välisilme, valitsejate ja elanikega on muutunud ka see, kuidas Tallinn on jäädvustatud plaanidele ja postkaartidele ning millisena seda on tahetud oma külalistele tutvustada. Kui linnaplaane on halduslikest ja militaarsetest vajadustest lähtudes valmistatud juba iidsetest aegadest, siis postkaartide ajalugu algas umbes 150 aastat tagasi. Mõlemad, nii ajaloolised linnaplaanid kui ka postkaardid, on rikkaliku ja mitmekesise informatsiooni kandjateks. Vaatepostkaardid täiendavad suurepäraselt linnaplaane, mis ei kajasta enamasti ehitiste ja rajatiste välisilmet. Tihti on postkaardid ainuke allikas mõnegi omaaegse esindusliku hoone või haruldase ansambli kohta. Tallinna esimesed teadaolevad linnaplaanid pärinevad Rootsi ajast 17. saj. Need asuvad enamasti Rootsi Kuninglikus Sõjaarhiivis, kus üldplaanide kõrval on säilinud rohkesti mitmesuguseid lokaalplaane. Samuel Waxelbergi koostatud 1688. a. kaart (originaalis pealkirjaga „Delineatio geometrica öffer dte Länder dem Slottet och Stadhen ...”) on täpsem ja informatiivsem kui varasemad plaanid. Sellel on näidatud Vanalinna tänavad, linnasarase välispiirid ning piirid Toompea sarasega. Kaardil on kujutatud vesiveskid Härjapea jõel, lubjaahjud Lasnamäel, linna vesivarustuse trass, kõrtsid ja linnakodanike suvemõisad. Kaardi koostamise ajajärk oli nii Eesti kui ka Tallinna arengus üks soodsamaid. Laienes rahvaharidus, paranes õiguslik olukord. Tänu pikale rahuajale suurenes rahvastiku arv Tallinnas u. 10 000 inimeseni. Neid muutusi kajastas Tallinna plaanil ka S. Waxelberg. 17. saj. kasvasid märgatavalt Tallinna eeslinnad, suurim oli Kalamaja koos Köismäega. 1653. a. rajati väljaspool linnamüüri Uus tänav ning peagi hakati sinna elumaju ja aedu rajama. Kavandati uusi tihedama asustusega piirkondi Vanalinna lähistele. Kaardilt näeme, et erakruntideks antud linnamaade välispiiriks olid praegused Jõe, Pronksi, Liivalaia, Suur-Ameerika, Koidu, Paldiski mnt., Saani, Toompuiestee, Kopli ja Salme tänav. Ka väljaspoole tihedama hoonestusega ala tekkisid uued asustuspiirkonnad. Suurim neist oli 1653. a. rajatud Kristiine heinamaa, kuhu tekkis mitu suvemõisat. Uusi suvemõisaid rajati Kadriorgu, Juhkentali, Mustjõele, Rocca al Maresse jm. Need asustusalad mõjutasid mitme sajandi kestel nii Tallinna teedevõrgu arengut kui ka uute asustuspiirkondade kujunemist ja kasvu. Pärast Põhjasõda läks Tallinna linnaplaanide koostamine Vene sõjaväe insenerikomandode kätte. Need plaanid asuvad enamasti Venemaal keskarhiivides. Kohapealsed võimud hakkasid linnaplaane koostama alates 18. saj. lõpuaastatest, kui ametisse määrati Eestimaa kubermangu, Harju kreisi ja hiljem ka Tallinna linna maamõõtjad | | Travelling in time via Tallinn maps and postcards takes us into a town that will never be completed. Not only the town’s role, appearance, governers and citizens, but also maps and postcards and the way the town has been introduced to its visitors, have all changed over time. The town maps have been drawn according to the town’s administrative and military needs since earlier times, while the history of Tallinn’s postcards is around 150 years old. Both – historical maps as well as postcards – carry a lot of varied information. The postcards with their views of the town are an excellent supplement to the town maps, which usually do not show what the buildings looked like. The postcards are often our only visual source for an outstanding building or a unique group of buildings. Tallinn’s first town maps date from the 17th century – the Swedish period. Most of them are stored in the Swedish Royal Military Archives which also include many local maps. The map made by Samuel Waxelberg in 1688 (Delineatio geometrica öffer dte Länder dem Slottet och Stadhen ...) is more precise and informative than the earlier maps. It also depicts the Old Town’s streets, the outer borders of the townland and the borders of Toompea land. The watermills on Härjapea river, the kilns of the Lasnamäe district, the town’s water system, several inns and the summer residences of the town’s citizens are depicted on the map. The period when the map was made was one of the most flourishing periods in the development of Estonia generally, as well as of Tallinn. The people’s education was developing, the society’s legal system was improving. Thanks to the long period of peace, the population was growing. It is thought that in those days the population of Tallinn was 10,000. In the 17th century the suburbs of Tallinn were expanding as well. These changes were also reflected on Waxelberg’s Tallinn map. The biggest suburb was Kalamaja (together with Köismäe). In 1653 Uus Street was built outside the City Wall and soon new residential buildings and gardens were built there too. New settlements with more dense population were planned near the Old Town. We can see from the map that the outer border of the town (which was private land) ran along nowadays Jõe, Pronksi, Liivalaia, Suur-Ameerika, Koidu, Paldiski, Saani, Toompuiestee, Kopli and Salme Streets. New settlements also developed outside these more densely populated areas. The biggest of these was the Kristiine Hayfield, built in 1653, where several summer residences were established. New summer residences were also built in Kadriorg, Juhkental, Mustjõe, Rocca al Mare, etc. Over the course of several centuries these settlements influenced Tallinn’s road network development as well as the forming and growth of other nearby areas. After the Northern War, the maps of Tallinn were drawn by the Russian military engineer commands. These maps are mainly kept in the Russian Central Archives. Local authorities started to draw town maps only in the last decades of the 18th century, when surveyors were nominated to the province of Estonia, Harju district and later also to the city of Tallinn. |